UMEA UNIVERSITY
Department of Informatics
Prof. Kristo Ivanov
Phone +46 90 7866030, fax 7866550

http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.pdf

http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.html

© Kristo Ivanov Version 040209-061030

Customized complementary word & issue index for
C. West Churchman "The Design of Inquiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organization". (New York: Basic Books, 1971)

This word & issue index is customized to the purpose of fostering wider and deeper applications of a social dialectical systems approach. It is intended to be used in conjunction with the wordindex published in the book. Issue-indexing implies that even if the particular word does not appear on the referenced page, either a synonym, an associated, or analogue issue does. Additional explanatory material related to the same philosophical background can be found at the following URL's http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov, http://projects.isss.org/Main/CWestChurchman, and http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem.

Parenthesized page numbers, italics, and bold face types in the text below indicate an increasing degree of relevance and importance. Words referenced after the abbreviation "cf.", and whose radicals are not found in the index as is the case for words put within parentheses, point to entries in the book's own index or in Webster's Third New International Dictionary (unabridged) or in specialized dictionaries of the fields of information science and philosophy of science.

The purpose of presenting this index to a wider audience is to allow for a starting point for deeper and wider inquiries in a research tradition that allows for broad systemic relations between disciplinary areas and key notions as they appear in the index. The claim is that this book contributes to the establishment of a time-stable theoretical conceptual ground, or a "language" which – close to the tradition of philosophical pragmatism – facilitates communication among researchers who work in different schools of thought and areas of application. In particular this initiative aims at facilitating – in one same research organization – that every researcher be able to contribute to the work of colleagues by means of the easier initial understanding afforded by an tentative initial set of shared concepts which may be argumentatively modified or rejected in the further course of a particular inquiry.

In its present version the list includes a few words and names of individuals belonging to our staff. These names, which are followed by an asterisk (*), can be used by guests and colleagues outside our community in order to identify areas of interest of our staff, and their familiarity with particular authors (proper names) included at the end of their entry. This can give a partial orientation on the scientific and philosophical background of our local research.

This index can also be used for computerized searches of key words by means of the "Find" feature of word processors, and for this purpose it is available (document name <Chu-71 DIS-Index>) in a folder (<Ivanov to share> in <Gemesamma original> in <Diverse>) on the research server in the department's network jupiter.informatik.umu.se. It is also available through the World-Wide-Web at http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.pdf or at http://www.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/chuindex.html. Permission to make digital/hard copy of this work for personal or education use is granted provided that it is not done for profit or commercial advantage, and notice is given of the source.

absolute mind, 178; cf. progress, mind

absurdum, demonstration at, 112, 136, cf. axioms

academic freedom, 58

acceptability, vs. knowledge, 233; cf. satisfactoriness, values

accounting, of costs, 166-168; accounting system, 162; cf. budgeting

accuracy, 26, 31, 59, 61, 62, 65, 95-96, 83, 95, 98, 107, 108, 113, 115, 132, 135, 141, 146, 146, 150, 154-156, 160, 162, 168, 170, 174-175, 188-191, 193, 195-196, 190, 202, 253, 257; of observation, 154-155; and convergence, 95; as measure of confidence, 111; as minimization of bias, 141; and cost, 62; vs. drama; cf. truth, measurement, precision, reliability, correctness, validity, refinement, quality, validation, proof, confirmation, approximation, Ivanov (project AVH)

Ackoff, R.L., 51, 73?, 155

actability, as knowledge or potential for action, 11; cf. action, activity, actor, implementation, function, drama, politics, ateleology, implementation, speech act

action science, 13-16, (184-185), (199-200), 202-205; cf. implementation

action, and activity, 5-7, 10, 14, 44-46, 104, 114-115, 118, 124-125, 156, 159, 164, 166, 169, 202, 271; social ethical, 202; and design, 276; implementation and knowledge, 114; research, 184; and language, 115, 201-202; and fact or information, 164; as living reality and drama, 171, 173, 175; as life vs. knowledge as grey theory, 204; as realism vs. idealism, 199; activities and workflow value-added, 166; description of, 156; and change, 271; plan of, 164, 167; as anti teleological good in itself, 249, 254; picture of alternative actions or Weltanschauung, 169; language theory, 102; as process, 204; and action meaning, 158, 163, cf. Abraham Kaplans "action meaning"; cf. implementation, reaction, function-structure-teleology, is-ought, ethics, stimulus-response, interactivity, pragmatism, transaction, process, log and rock on the road, producer-product, romanticism

action language, 102, 115; cf. is-ought, imperative, indicative, illocutory, perlocutory, Austin, (Searle)

action research; cf. action science, implementation

active observer, 159

activity, 7, 166, 249; as good in itself or purposeful activity, 249; description of 43-46; 166; cf. action, actor, ateleology

actor, system's, 44-49, 71, 200-201, 204; actor network, 73, 171-174, 182, 185; functional, 44; social: cf. action; cf. system (and subsystem-component, teleological), client, decision maker, manager, designer, metadesigner, convergence of actor roles; as actor on scene: cf. theater, narrative

actor network, 18, 73, 171-174, 182, (193-194); cf. chap. (7) passim, innovation

actor network theory ANT, cf. actor network

adaptive systems, 63, 65; as incrementalism, 65-66; and objectivity, 63; cf. evolution, measurement, flexibility, growth, progress

adjustment, of observations (Ptolemaic), 196

advertising, incentives and pricing, 167

aesthetics, 18, 26, 37, 49, (99), 106, 114, 120, 140-141, 143, 155, 158, (170)-171, 195-196, 199-200, 203-205, 216-217, 249, 251, 264, 266; transcendental (Kant's), 129; as appropriateness, 142; as good in itself, 249; as artistic creation, 250-251, 266; as joke-play, 235; as taste, 266; as subjectivity, 159; and monism, 73; as formal elegance, 81, 120; as distanced contemplation, 172-174; as styles, 170; as colors and shapes, 139; repertoire of styles, 177; as policy scenario, 171; as the moral quality of the act, 49; as related to clarity and distinctness, 19-21; as creativity, 4; as poetic mood, 153; and beauty, love and truth, 264; art, 267; visual cartoon presentation, 182-184; aesthetic value, (189); aesthetic intuition, 124; and ethics, 216-217; beauty of a system and pragmatism, 120-121; aesthetic mood, 182; aesthetic sensuous intuition, 145; as (in Leibniz) faith to bridge perception and clarity, 242; as related to obscure non-clear and confuse ideas, 21; dimensions of aesthetical discussion (complexity, obscureness, confusedness), 37; cf. beauty, image, imagination, drama, narrative, taste, appropriateness, style, form, function, creativity

agent, intelligent, 116-118; as in Internet, 117; cf. actor, decision maker, artificial intelligence AI

aggregation, of data, 161

agreement, 85, 88, 92-94, 97, 101, 104-105, 110, 112, 114, 118-119, 126, 154, 157, 161-162, 169, 174, 187-188, 190-194, 198-199: esp. 190, 194, 198-199, 202, 243; control on, 150; in naive empiricism, 191; disagreement for, 193; as objectivity, 150; unconscious Lockean, 194; isomorphic, of inputs, 154; basis of conventional, 112; cf. consensus, consistency, cooperation, convergence, conversation, debate, conflict, pluralism, understanding, democracy, politics, enemy, disagreement, contradiction

Ahlmark*, Thomas, cognitive styles, Jung, mathematics, education, HCI

AI; cf. artificial intelligence, expert systems, intelligence

algorithm, 88-89, 140; algorithmic thinking, 140

alienation, 159, 161, 163; cf. commitment, participation

ambiguity, as related to redundancy, 161

analogy, 141, 143, 148; rich analogy, 143; cf. metaphor

analysis, 4, as decomposition, 67; as dichotomy, 159; cf. system-subsystems, partitioning

analytic philosophy, 134, 160-161

analytic sentences, 134

Anaxagoras, 41, 78

ancestors, 201; cf. death, past, future generations

ANT; cf. actor network, (Bruno Latour), (Michel Callon)

antagonism, 178; cf. enemy, conflict, cooperation

anti-planning, 49; cf. anti teleology, anti-thinking

anti teleology, 49, 216-217, 246-258; cf. anti thinking, Checkland, postmodernism, ateleology, romanticism

anti thinking, 49, 176, 203; cf. anti teleology, ateleology, aesthetic, antinomy, relativism, postmodernism, romanticism

antinomy 144, 170, 172; and synthesis, 172; cf. antithesis, vs. contradiction, vs. enemy

antithesis, 170, 172-177

aposteriori or a-posteriori, 110; cf. apriori

apperception, 30, 73-75, 82, 93-94, (141-146, 197-198); cf. representation, Weltanschauung, sweeping-in, attention, will

applied problem, triviality of, 139-140

appreciation; cf. value, evaluation, ethics, quality

appropriateness, 130; of solution, 142; cf. aesthetics, beauty

approximation, 4, 95; to truth, 144; endless, 4; cf. convergence, accuracy, truth, reality, relativism, chap. (9), passim

apriori or a-priori, 88, 109-111, 115, 124-126, 128-129, 132, 136, 194, chap. 6, passim; vs. aposteriori, as hidden assumption, 184; Lockean, 99; empirical, 136; 110; self-examination of, 129; empiricist, 134; minimum, 124; Ptolemaic adjustments, 196; revision of, 194; generalization, 109-110; validation of, 130; cf. presuppositions; minimal, 124, 133-138; for empiricism, 133, 136; cf. aposteriori (a-posteriori)

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 18

arbitrary, 105, 117, 186-187, 189; cf. conventional

arbitrator, in conflict, 174; distinguished from synonyms: conciliator, mediator in negotiation or bargaining

archetype, 244-245; cf. myth, unconscious, Jung

archive, 101; cf. database, library

architecture, 7; cf. aesthetics, form, function, structure

argumentation, 175-176; cf. debate, learning, conversation, agreement, drama, sweeping-in, logic, Hegelian I.S. (chap. 7), Leibnizian fact nets (chap. 2)

Aristotle, 18, 108, 210-211, 253, 258; Aristotelian imagery, 210-211

arithmetic, 128-129, 130.131, (134), 192, 197; alternative, 129; and geometry and kinematics, 197; cf. mathematics

armament; cf. weapon

arrows-and-boxes, inputs as, 107

art, 158, 249, 266; and management, social science, and physics, 93; cf. aesthetics, apperception

artefact, separability or context of, 54; cf. technology, machine, artificial, instrument, production, function, means, tool

artificial, 4, 17, (131), 150, 156, 158, 161, 257, 259; cf. virtual, artificial intelligence, expert system

artificial intelligence, 4, 16-17, (21-22), 23, 26, 27-28, 39, 41, 63-64, (71), 74, (78, 87, 90), 91, 93, 99-102, 115-116, 118-119, 124, (129), 131, 134, 138, 150, 156-157, 158, 161, 195, 197, 214-215!-216, 256-257, 259-260, 262, 276-277; chap, 4, passim; cf. expert systems, intelligence; artefact, agent intelligent

as-if, 46

aspect 46, 75, (81), 107, 113, (119), 120, 124, 125, 149, 159, 166, 169, 170-171, 174-178; view, 194, 225; as subjectivism, 151-153, as state of mind, 156-157; and set of representations of object, 159; as descriptor, 192; cf. perspective, viewpoint, attitude, apriori, Weltanschauung, apperception, ateleology, anti teleology, vs. objectivity, subjectivism, relativism, observation, view, vision, image, picture, description, vs. action

aspiration (ideal), 253

assumptions 94, 145, 125, 183; analysis of, 171, 178; basic assumption, ontological assumption, 184, 192; and unexplainable events, 136; cf. presuppositions, foreknowledge

astrology, 244

astronomy, 135, 196-197; astronomical clock, 135; cf. Newton, Copernican revolution, Ptolemaic theory

astute empiricist, 150

ateleology, as basic design, 152-153, 216-217, 227-228, 252-255; cf. anti teleology, teleology

atoms, 209

attention, 98-99, 102, 112, 125, 138, 142, 166-168, 185; cf. relevance, observation, aspect, Weltanschauung, perception, teleology, apperception

attitude 105, 118, 159, 172, 252; as psychological temperament, 261; as alienated experimenters, 159; so-what, 164; cf. aspect, viewpoint

attribute, cf. property, 99-107, 202

auditing, 162, 190

Austin, John L., cf. action language, illocutory forces

authoring, cf. learning

authority and authorization, 99, 123, 144, 149-150, 153, 161-164, 167-168, 196; delegation of, 163-164, 167; vs. strategic decisions, 196; as perfect observer, 40; of international body, 188; cf. management, legitimation, responsibility, power, hierarchy, ethics, dogma

authorization, 167 (SAF), 160-162, 164

automation, 115-116; cf. artificial intelligence

autonomy, cf. independence, freedom, trilogy, handlingsutrymme (in Swedish), convergence

autopoiesis, 158, (169)

axioms, 136; of clock events and kinematical, 135; proof of empirical apriori set of axioms, 135-136; and theorems, 136, 142; cf. absurdum, theorems, hypothesis

background, visual, 125

backtrack, backtracking, 100

bargain, 174; cf. negotiation

basic data, 137; raw data, 82, 125, 133, 165-166

Bayesian probability, 114, 153

beauty, of systems, 120; of love, 264; cf. aesthetics, art

behavior, 149, 159

behavior, 148, 151, 154, 156-157, 159

being: cf. existence, ontology, essence, substance, phenomenology, interpretive

belief, 24, 114, 171-172, 184; cf. faith, conviction, guarantor, trust, hope, doubt

benefit, as resource allocation, 156; cf. performance measure, income, profit, ethics

Berkeley, G., 35, 105, 122, 150; cf. solipsism

Bessel, 197-198; effect, (156); cf. reaction time

bias, 141, 176, 183; cf. measurement, error, accuracy

biology, 116, 192, 197-198; molecular, 197; cf. function, life, organism

bird, black, example, 29-30

bird, example, 123-124; cf. swans

bird-egg, causality example, 134

bit, of information, 161

black box model, 154, 156; cf. stimulus-response

blood, as conviction, 178

body, knowledge through/of, 263; cf. sensation, perception, sensuous, empiricism, aesthetics, hypermedia, implementation, reality, mind, unconscious

Boolean compounding, 100-101, 106; class logic, 108-109

boundaries, 222

Bradley*, G., cf. computers & psychosocial work environment, knowledge-based systems and work design

brain, 6, 23, 27-28, 39, 41, 118; as information processor, 161; monkey-brain, 23; research, 161; cf. spirit, soul, mind, reason-intellect, artificial intelligence

brain, human, 161

brain, monkey or ape, 23

bricolage and tinkering, 41, 51, 153, 193-194, 196; cf. improvisation, adaptive, evolution, ateleology, anti teleology, intuition, play, shift-and-drift

brilliance (intelligence), 222

browsing; cf. library, representation, navigation

Buddha, 204; cf. God

Buchanan, B., 79n

budgeting, 67; and cost accounting, 166-168; cf. PPB

bureaucracy, 162

business, cf. inventory, manufacturing, sales, e-business

butterfly and storm example, 63

buzzwords, in management fads, 92

calibration, 52, 132, 135-136 (A. Danielsson), 152, 191, 198; as adjustment of readings, 195-196; cf. measurement, standard

capital, 165-167; cf. inventory, environment, investment

car, and rock on road, 114-115; log across the road, 160

cardinality, and ordinality in measurement, 152

care; cf. lova, attention

Carnap, 81

case study, 131-132; (152), 171, 193, 255-256; and generalizations, 79, (108); and fact, 256; cf. ethnographic method, observation, generalization, uniqueness

catalogue, of opportunities, cf. repertoire

categories, 75-76, 108-109

catchwords, in management fads, 92

causality, 23, 44, 110, 113, 126, 131, 134; vs. statistical correlation, 131; in Hume, 130-131; causal hypotheses, 113; cf. explanation, understanding, producer-product, change

centralization, 67-68; as levels, 76-77; cf. decentralization, hierarchy, levels

certainty; cf. uncertainty

certification, cf. validation

change, 3, 11-12, 12, 14-15, 18, 41, 43, 47-8, 50-52, 63-64-66, 77, (160), 175, 194, 196-204, 215, 228; resistance to, 14; and politics-law revision, 193-194, 199; why, 194; of object of measurement, 196-197; optimal, 175; as revolution or counter-theories, 199; as revision of apriori, 194; and variation and revision in measurement, 191-200, 204; as adaptability to environment, 213; vs. restfulness, 200; as design, p. vii; cf. evolution, stability, process, variation, progress, shift and drift, trial-and-error, bricolage, creativity, learning, improvement, sweep-in, implementation, revision, causality, variation, revolution, flexibility, maturation, development, synthesis

chaos theory, as example of butterfly vs. storm, 63

chapter (1), 3, 63, 74, 77

chapter (2), 19, 21, 95, 97 (ex.), 105, 111, 116, 119, 122, 135, 144, 176-177 (summary), 194, 197, 241

chapter (3), 20, 37, 34-35, 42, 39, 40-41

chapter (4), 37, 39, 79, 116, 144-145, 197-198, 180, 259

chapter (5), 37, 95, 20-21, 33 111, (Leibniz), (118), 116, 122-123, 144, 177, 194, 242, 259, 105; vs. Leibniz, 241-242

chapter (6), 37, 128, 20, 70, 87, (95), 106, 109, 111, 116, 126, 149, 176-177, 194, 242, 259, 265

chapter (7), 20, 37, 149, 70, (95), 105, 119, 147, 194, 215, 249, 265, 271

chapter (9), 20, 37, 85, 186, 46, 85-86, 105, 119, 211, 214, 222-223, 253

chapter (10), 209, 238

chapter (11), 93, 122, 219

chapter (12), 180, 230, 180

chapter (13), 237, 229

chapter (16), 274, 109?

character; cf. entity, individuation, pattern, property, object

checkers-chess, examples, 22, (125), 138, 142; cf. games

Checkland, P.; 227-229, 249, 252, 254; vs. anatomy of goal seeking, purpose, will, and anti thinking, anti teleology, 247-258; ateleology, 227-228, 252-255; rich picture, 71-72, 170-171; and pluralism, 71; cf. Weltanschauung, 169-176

checks and balances, 169

chemistry, chap. (4) passim, 116, 144, 198

chess, 22-23, 26, (120), (125), 138, 142, 187 (arbitrary), 189; cf. checkers-chess

Christ, cf. God, religion, ethics, Buddha, hero

Church; as design of individual's relationship to his God, 205; vs. expertise in moral matters, 163; cf. religion

Churchman, C.W, on global ethical management, cf. ethics and http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem

circle, vicious, 169; cf. vicious circle, infinite regress

clarity, clearness (cf. simplicity), 20-21

classes, 33, 108-109, 159; cf. logic

classification, 33, 36, 42, 117, 159, 186-187, 192, 204; coding, logical division, exhaustive-inclusive, 192; as distinctions, 192, 270; as labelling, 101; of sciences, 197; cf. measurement, partitioning, distinctions, taxonomy, categories, definition, partitioning

clear, vs. distinct, and simple vs. complex, 19-21

client, 47-48; mankind as generalized client, 65 vs. 67, 200-201; as future generations, 201; as an ought, 48; and ethics, 48

clock, cf. space-time, 106-107, 109-110, 131-132, 134-135; as an a priori, 110, astronomical botanical psychological, 110; astronomical, 110, 135

closed system, 44

coarse picture; cf. detail, image, clarity vs. simplicity

coconstruction, as collective mind, 162; cf. construction, cooperation, consensus, general will, dialectics, learning

coconstructive mind, 71, 162, 174

coding; 117, 192; cf. classification, taxonomy, measurement

cognition: cf. cognitive models, recognition

cognitive dissonance, 171

cognitive models, 156-157-158, 160-161; of value judgements, 102; recognition, 145; cognitive science, 161; cognitive styles: cf. styles, of inquiry (chaps. 2-10); cf. learning, inquiry, knowledge, mental models

coherence (theory of truth), 33

collaboration: cf. cooperation, work

collective conscious, 154, 162, 164

collective mind, 70, 162, 194, 196

collective unconscious, 203, cf. Jung, unconscious

color, perception and observation of, 101, 103, 150-151, 157-158, 164

comedy, 254; cf. comic

combination, and imagination, 31-32, 36; cf. creativity

comic, 178, 205

command, 115; ; cf. imperative mood

commerce, Internet-, 165; requiring decomposition principle, 67; cf. inventory wharehousing, e-business

commitment (cf. conviction, vs. cf. alienation); ontological, basic assumption, 192, 177

common sense, 19, 135, 162; realsim, 19; in pluralism, 71

communication, 5-6, 35, 107, 118-119, 123, 125, 135, 152, 169, 171, 198; for explicitation of design 155-157; rich, 122; language of, 124; scientific, 61; efficiency of ICT information and communcation technology, 137; cf conversation, language, democracy, agreement, cooperation, Internet

communicative action; cf. action language, is-ought, Habermas

communism, 172-173, 222

community, Lockean, chap. (5), 101, 123, 187, 189, community of minds, 97; of practice, 167; conventional, 150; community or public knowledge, 154; interpretive community, 159; cf. Lockean I.S. chap. 5 passim

comparative method, 152-153

comparison, 187; of utilities, 155; and transformation into numbers in measurement, 187; cf. measurement, ordinality and cardinality, otherness

competence, 191, 200, 228; core, 184; in observation as judgment of competent over-observer, 191; cf. knowledge, learning; expert, perfect or normal observer, perfect observer, metadesigner, implementation, practice, evaluation, measure of performance

competition, between fact nets, 86, 93; cf. chap. (7) passim

completeness, 124; 199, 262; of empirical count, 120, 124; cf. contentment

complexity, 56, 137; and simplicity, 141;and simplicity, clarity, and distinctness, 19-21; cf. simplicity

components, as subsystems, 7-8, 49-60, 56-57, 67, 167; cf. subsystems, parts

compromise, 174; cf. negotiation, agreement

computer as person (ref. Janlert, L-E), 214; cf. behaviorism

computer science, relevant direct or indirect references to, vii, 6, 9, 11-13, (14), 15-18, 20-21, 25-27, 35, 37, 45, 54, 58-59, 80, 82, 90-93, 101, 104, 112, 115-116, 118, 125-126, 129, 130-132, 137, 150, 158, 160, 171, 195, 197, 212, 214, 216; parsing 20-21, 142-143, 202; executive of operating system, 27; intelligence of, 259; as instrument, 81-94; support, 6; cf. tool, instrument, Hegelian IS, artificial intelligence, program

computer support, 115-116, 118; for negotiation, cf. Hegelian IS; cf. tool, instrument, artificial intelligence

computerization, as logical reconstruction, 195

computing , science: cf. algorithm, and Leibnizian inquiring systems, chap. 2 passim

computing, ubiquitous: cf. mobile Internet

conceptual framework, 82, 143; cf. system definition, model, theory

confidence, 83, 90, 111, 113, 199; cf. trust, conviction, confirmation

conferencing, 13

confirmation, 81; degree of, 80, 83; cf. confidence

conflict, 73, 105, 173-174, 177, 185, 188, 191, 196, 199, 203; resolution of, 174, and cf. diplomacy; of ideas, 177, 185; in measurement, 190; cf. agreement, disagreement, debate, enemy, diplomacy

confusedness, 96; as related to aesthetic, cf. simplicity, complexity, clarity, distinctness

connotation, 161; cf. denotation or extension

consciousness, 28, 39; political, 184-185, 276; cf. self-consciousness, self-reflection, explicitness, unconscious

consensus, 92; cf. agreement, consistency, chap. (5) passim

conservative, and reactionary, 17, 204; cf. reactionary, revolution, change

consistency, 31-32, 190-191, 193, 195, 198; in replications of observation in measurement, 191, 193; as overcoming of inconsistency, 197; cf. agreement, consensus, ambiguity

construction, 14, 33 & 175 (embryonic models), 56-57 (learning -part of the system), 63 (adaptivity-flexibility-stability), 105, 120 (who), 141 (flexibility), 162 (audit), 169 (picture), 171 (Hegel), 172-174 (coconstructive mind), 176 (cost), 199, 219-220, 227-229, 232, 235, 250, 253-244; as system reconstitution, 67; cf. fact-nets, consensus

construction, criticism of, 33, 63, vs monistic apperception, 75-76; as learning, 108; depictive, 141 & 145; and agreement, 173, 174, 176-177, 194 ; challenge of 198-199 ; vs. embryo, 14, 15, 33; vs. change, 41; as trial and error, 51; as adaptive system, 63; vs depictive reality, 76; as progress, 178; as pluralism and common sense, 71; as collective mind, 162

constructivism, 72; cf. construction

constructs, 72

consulting, 74; and system, 184; cf. expertise, planner, designer

contentment, 199

context, 109, 167; and separability, 54; contextual induction, 109, 112; cf. system, environment, narrative, textualization (Zuboff)

contextual justification, 112

contingent facts or truths, 29-31, 76, 88, 96

continuous systems development, cf. evolution, improvement, change, revision, coconstruction, stability, learning, reengineering

contradiction, 32, 108, 170, 172, (182); as antinomy in unconstrained reason, 145, 170; apparent, 136; self-contradiction, 31; as stopping of formal inquiry, 70; vs. deadly enemy, 172; vs. contrariness, 182; cf. counter-instance, agreement, conversation, antinomy, self-contradiction

contrariness, 182, 193; logical, 182; vs. dual Weltanschauung, 198; cf. (counter)-hypothesis

control, 135, 150, 158, 196; as self-reflection, 158; as test of validity of results, 149; cf. guarantor, management, executive, implementation, authority, hierarchy, cybernetic feedback, power, evaluation, monitoring

conventional, 71-72, 101, 105, 112, 114-115, 117, 119-120, 123, 135, 137, 150, 186-189; community, 150; Lockean inquirers, 115; cf. arbitrary

convergence, 32-34, 95-96, 175-176, 194, 197, 199, 202, 241; of system actor roles, 200-201, 204; cf. sweeping-in, approximation, agreement, accuracy, ideal seeking, monism, Singerian inquiring systems chap. 9 (passim)

conversation , 70, 112-113, 136, 172-175, 185; conclusion vs. question, 118-119, 172, 277; cf communication: viii, contradiction, debate, sweep in, conversation killing

conversation killing, 6, 104-105, 144, (174), 198; as uncertainty blocked our of discourse, 202; depictive, 115; convention, 123; 160-164, 173, 198; through contradiction, 70; vs. deadly enemy, 172; cf. disagreement, agreement, counter-instance, debate, conflict, enemy, contradiction, conversation

conviction, 98-99, 111, 119, 122-123, 154, 170-174, 177-178, 184, 190, 229; from refinement or precision, 190; as vision, 178; origin of, 174; designer's, 154; as reflective intuition, 107; cf. feeling, vision, commitment, engagement, evidence, credibility, confidence, trust, faith, rhetoric, aesthetics

cookery, 266; cf. nourishment, gastronomy

cooperation, 54, 118-119, 121-122, 156, 174, 200-203, 250, 254; as ethics defined, 200; cf. learning, implementation, trilogy, production, agreement, politics, ethics, power, democracy, conflict, CSCW, love, charity

Copernican revolution, 137, 196

core competence, 184

correlation, statistical, vs. causality, 131

correctness, 170; cf. accuracy

correspondence, reality as, 160

ost accounting, 65-66, 124-125, 163-164, 167-168; in inventory control, 165

cost, and benefit, 67, 90-91, 92, 120-121, 124, 141, 163-165-166, 168; 177, 245, 270; of information, 120-122; opportunity cost, 165; and accuracy, 62; of empirical research and politics, 120; as resource allocation, 156; cost reduction, 124; cf. performance, measure of performance, resource, downsizing, reengineering

cost, systemic, 55, 141, 167-168, 176-177, 188; and empiricism, 120, opportunity cost, 167, 169; marginal, 141; cost effectiveness, 67; and savings, 124

counter-instance, 194; counter-induction, 111-112; cf. contradiction, perfect observer

Cranberg, L.; cf. law, 198

creativity, 3-4, 13, 17-18, 30, 116, 118, 139-140, 142-143, (167), 195, 205, 216, 243 (religion), 249; as patterns of discovery, 80, 280; and design, 18, 142-143, 205; as discovery, 195; creative act, 243; in finding a rich analogy, 143; vs. methodology, 262; and the unconscious, 264-265; cf. design, imagination, vision, production, intuition, learning, inspiration

credibility or credence, 98, 171-175, 190; cf. accuracy, trust, conviction, validity and validation, evidence, proof

Croon*, Anna, cf. aesthetics, design, style, experience, virtual communities, virtual life, Martin Heidegger, phenomenology, interpretive

crucial test, 136, 159; cf. test

CSCW, cf. cooperation, work, action-activity

Cuba crisis, 98

culture, 74, 105, 108, 170; cf. Weltanschauung, tradition, paradigm, Lockean community, consensus, history

Cumberbatch*, John, database, object-orientation, programming, software engineering, networks, distributed systems (computing), client-server systems, middleware

cumulative knowledge; cf. fact nets, Leibnizian IS, Lockean IS

curiosity, 26

customer, cf. client

cybernetics, 214; cf. control, management

cyberspace; cf. Internet, community, system

data, 6, 8-9, 11, 36, 60-62, 72, 84, 90, 114, 125, 132-134, 137, 171, 215; collection of or memory, 6; separability of, 88-91, 110, 114, 132; collection, 153; data and program, 103; and assumptions, 132; economical set of data, 86, 137; vs. theory, 87; as system, 168; v s. information, 171; as optimum model, 171; immediate sense, 151-152; warrant of, 94-95, 169; raw basic data, 82, 99, 125, 133, 137, 165-166; and generalization, 111; immediacy of sense data, 155; representation, 116, 125-126, and chap. 7, passim; cf. symbol, input, picture, image, reception, fact, basic data

data analysis, 88-91, 114

data base, 9-10, 60-62, 95, 98, 101, 106, 108-109, 110, 114-115, 117, 120-121, 132-133, 160-162, 164-165-166, 171, 173, 175, 195, 216, 259; as instructions or program 202; as Lockean IS, 99-118; as library, 117, 121; as function of identifier, 106; as filing system, 101; as "is-it-indeed?", 164; as repertoire, 170; as image of reality, 160; vs. information system, 85; database systems, 121; transmitting data from, to theoretical sector, 132; acceptance of warranted, 195; cf. object orientation, data collection, retrieval

data collection, 84, 99-100, 106, 110, 114-115, 116, 120, 125, 132, 153, 155, 191; separability of, 132; cf. measurement, empiricism, rich data

data mining, 115, 132-133; cf. data collection, data base, statistics

data security, 161

data source, 150; collection from, 153

data structure, 137, 160-161; cf. knowledge representation

datadelegationen, 177, 180, 183

De Raadt, J. D., multimodal inquiry and modalities of thought, 197-199; as disciplines, 197-198; cf. sweep-in, apperception, (Herman Dooyeweerd)

dead, clients, (133), 201

death, 200-201, 203; dead clients, (133), 201; cf. future generations, ancestors, God

debate, 32, (87), 158-159, 162, 175, 183, 185, 195, 199; as conversation, 174-175; vs. dialectic, 183, 185; and objectivity, 162, 175; cf. agreement, disagreement, conflict, learning, conversation

decentralization, 67-68, 196; as pluralism, 71; cf. centralization

decision, 105-106, 114-115, 164

decision makers, 43, 47, 52, 68, 92, 200-201; choice of, 52; and designer or planner, 66, 68; as leaders and heroes, 200; cf. management

decomposition principle, 67

deduction, 94; and induction, 145; cf. induction

definition, 4, 29-31, 77, 136, 205; operational, 115, 187, 191; redefinition, 136; cf. distinction, classification, translation

degree of freedom; cf. handlingsutrymme, freedom, tolerance, politics, power, negotiation

deliberation; cf. judgment, inquiry (passim)

deliberative polls, cf. democracy, democracy electronic

Delphi technique, 106; cf. opinion surveys, disagreement

demand, 166-167; cf. client, marketing, need, advertising

democracy 61, 68, 77, 105, 108, 123, 149, 158, 163-164, 169, 172-173, 176-177, 188, 194, 196, 203, 269; and law or legal system, 108, 123; and information, 176-177; as community knowledge, 154; as collective mind, 162; in inquiry, 268-269; as checks and balances, 169; as infinite regress, 169; as mutual observation, 154-155; as agreement in replication, 190; as decentralized control, 196; elec tronic e-democracy or governance, (123), 269-270; cf. participation, cooperation, majority, commitment, work, agreement, pluralism; vs. alienation, marxism, communism, power, law, justice

Democritus, 209

demonstration; cf. absurdum, axioms, proof, test, validity, truth, conviction

Dendral, AI-system, 98

denotation or extension, 161

depiction, cf. description

Descartes, 22, 62, 70

description, depictive, 76, 115-116, 120-122, 124-125, 135, 140-141, 145, 159-160, 163-164, 166, 170-171, 178, 195, 209; descriptive research, 120-121, 125; error as accuracy of, 201-202; vs. design, 135; descriptive vs. normative model, 133; cf. image, representation, reality, depiction, qualitative methods, normative, is-ought

descriptors, 193; cf. attributes

design, vii, 5-17, 48-49-50, 55, 74, 80, 97, 131, 135, 138, 150, 153-155, 162, 165-167, 169, 171, 173, 180, 205, 258, (276); defined, 5, 8, 14, 55, 59-60, 205, 258, 276; theory of, 262, 264, 267; prolegomena to, 16; subjectivistic theory of, 155; assumptions of, 123; choice of, 56; and judgment, 175; economy of, 142; and difficulty of planning, 153; essence and objectivity of, 159; and hypothesis creation, 116; explicitness of, 155 and cf. explicitness; economy of, 141; strategy of, 194-195; of agreement, 157; vs. description, 135; as system, 55; as feeling of appropriateness, 142; and anti teleology, 247-258, 249; and living idea or vision, 173; ateleology as basic design, 227-228, 252-255; of a priori, 130, 142; ideal design, 74; of calibration, 152; of observation, 119; and creativity, 204-205; of degrees of freedom of action (Swedish handlingsutrymme), 164; of designers, 43, 47, 52, 55; dynamic, 64; intuition in, 25; long range, 48-49; and morality, 249; parsimony, 134; and problems in nature of inquiry, 259-273, 276; of science, 195, 201; and God, 205; separability of, 54, 66-67, 145-146, and "ought", 74; short range, 48-49; of simple inputs, 99; of input, 137-145; simplicity in, 78; of systems, 62-63-64; of input, 128; creative, 143; of an apriori, 130; experimental, 60; and Spinoza, 72; and short-long range goals, 48-49; and is-ought design vs. description, 135; design situation: cf. uniqueness, uncertainty, conflict; basic design and logical reconstructionism, method, 195; vs. description, 135; for objectivity, 149; participatory: cf. participation vs. alienation; of agreement-standard, 189; and history, 190, 195, 197; design system vs. system, 62-63, 111, 115; as change or as leadership, 50; critical desigh problems for I.S. with maximal apriori, 142-144; cf. creativity, form, function, creativity, intuition, romanticism, vision, ideal, stability, quality, method, learning, explicitness, implicitness, education, implementation, cooperation, tacit knowledge, construction, production, development, aesthetics, progress, Rittel H.

design work, the hidden rationale, 5, 8, 20, 32, 41, 43-46, 54ff, 125-126, 141-143, 153-156, 170-173, 243-245, 255, 262, 265, 276; practice vs. imagination, 13; creative act, 17; imagination, 30, 32; elegance, 37; design rationality-ethics-aesthetics, (38), 49; personal non-theoretical knowledge, 87-88, 150; observed (design of design), 150; as personal vs. community knowledge, 154-155; explicit design, 154; and method, 171-172; design process and reflective intuition, 107; cf. tacit knowledge, parti, judgment

designer, 43, 47-48, 56, 81, 91, 120, 146, 150, 153, 155, 158-159, 162; as having a peculiar and separate role, 150, 153; as true paradoxial non-designer, 155; behavior and designed designer, 150; anti teleology of, 249; vs. decision maker,66, 68; as observer, 159; subjectivity of, 115; identity of, 146; isolation of, 120; vs. user, 118; designer's type of feeling against method, 92; designer's knowledge, 154; and politics, 66; as observer, 150; designer's conviction, 154; return home of from glamour, 203; cf. metadesigner, planner, expertise

detail, 87, 175, 190; as refinement, 190, 192; cf. partitioning,, subsystem of system, level, hierarchy, classification, refinement, attention

determinism, 209-210; cf. mechanism

development, 224, 229; cf. learning, progress, evolution, change

Dewey, J., 189; cf. pragmatism

dialectic, 170, 177, 182, 199, 245, 262; planning, 180; life of, 175; conviction in, 172; deadliest enemy in, 172; drama-theater in, 172, 178; and epic, 175; eternity of, 245; Hegelian, 170; in humor, 174; in judgement, 175; and leisure class, 176; long-range planning, 184; and political process, 185; and public information, 271; of science, 224; dialectic within dialectic and isolation of dialectic process, 183-184; transcendental, cf. Kant

dialogue, cf. dialectics, conversation, language, sweep in

dice, example,109

dichotomy, 159, 177; cf. classification, taxonomy, coding, analysis

dictionary, 29, 33

difference, make a, 164; cf. pragmatism

digital information, 161

diplomacy, as avoidance of misunderstandings: cf. Leibnizian I.S.; as creation of consensus: cf. chap. 5; as syntesis of opposition: cf. chap. 7

disagreement, 105, 113, 119, 162, 188, 193-194, 199; as significant variance or variation, 193; cf. conflict, agreement; conversation killing, Delphi technique

disciplinary science, 74, 195, 200; vs. interdisciplinary, 198; cf. discipline

disciplines, 40, 74, 195, as de Raadt modalities, 197; disciplinary knowledge, 200; cf. interdisciplinary

discourse, 103; cf. narrative, conversation, agreement, argumentation, dialectic, sweep in

discovery, 195

discrimination; cf. partitioning, classification, precision, accuracy, definition

dissent, 105; cf. disagreement

distinctions, 270; partitioning, 175; between types of validation, 225; cf. taxonomy, classification, taxonomy, coding, measurement, definition

distinctness, vs. clarity, and simple vs. complex, 19-21

distributed intelligent systems, 196; cf. mobile Internet

diversity, 104, 204; cf. otherness, pluralism, uniqueness, individuation

dogma, 162, 237

don Juan syndrome, 11; cf. hero, 202-203; cf. restlessness

Dooyeweerd, Herman; cf. multimodal, Donald De Raadt

double interact, cf. Karl Weick, 99-100, 102-107, 118-120; cf. agreement, cooperation, organization, Newton's syndrome

doubt, 109, 114, 172-173, 175; as a design method, 24; uncertainty of, 105; cf. probability, risk, uncertainty, vagueness, faith, belief, trust, hope, skepticism

downsizing, 124, 165; as cost reduction, 141; as management fad, 92-93; cf. reengineering, cost reduction, just in time, efficiency, effectiveness, productivity

drama, as living reality, 170-173, 175, 178, 181, 203, 244; cf. narrative, myth, rhetoric

Dreyfus, H., 16

drifting, or drift in the use of technology; cf. shift-and-drift, function-creep

duplication, cf. replication, uniqueness

dynamic knowledge or learning, 112; cf. evolutionary, learning

ecology, 144, 202; cf. pollution, aesthetics

e-commerce, cf. Internet commerce

economics, 25, 37, 67, 120, 122, 124, 137-138, 141, 152-153, 163-168, 176, 211; of information, 124; mathematical, 25; and social aspect, 124; cost accounting, 65-66; economic value of simplicity, 138-139; economic theory, 152; of data bases, 120-121; of information, 124; cf. cost, benefits, capital investment, profit, measure of performance

economy, of inquiry or thought, 15-16, 86, 120, 124, 137-138, 217; as effectiveness vs. parsimony, 141; of computation, 37; economical set of data, 86; of simplicity, 137-138, of time, 81

education, 184, 230, 268-269; and implementation, 230-236; graduate, 268; theory of, 230; and learning, 159-160; educational process, 158; cf. learning

effectiveness, 43, 133, 137; of inquiring systems' sectors, 133; as simplicity, 137; as economy, vs. parsimony, 141; vs efficiency, 137; cf. measure of performance, separability, efficiency, productivity

efficiency, vs. effectiveness, 137; cf. effectiveness, parsimony, productivity

EIS, cf. executive inftelligence systems

electronic commerce etc., requiring decomposition principle, 67, 165; cf. Internet

elegance; 120; cf. aesthetics

elementary, as simple and clear, 19

elements, 19; cf. input, entity

elephant and blind men example, 150, 159

elusiveness, 4, 18, 28, 195; cf. explicitness, intuition, tacit knowledge

emancipation, 13

embodiment, cf. body

embryo, 33; embryonic incrementalism, 41, 64-65, 228; as Newton's syndrome, 64; cf. adaptive system, evolution

emotions, 203; cf. mood, feeling, conviction, value

empiricism, 40, 61, 68, 71-72, 95-102-127, 116, 129, 131-132, 134-135, 146, 150-153, 155, 166, 171, 242; logical, 160, 166; and information, 166; and cost, 120; naive, 191; philosophically astute, 150; empirical investigation, 134; minimalistic, 134; subjective, 153; presuppositions of, 110; British, 151; vs. mathematics, 112; empirical method inquiry, 110, 112, 116, 121, 123-124, 155; completeness of empirical inquiry (cf. statistical sampling), 120, 124; empirical research's cost and politics, 120; empirical language, 125; is-ought linguistic puzzle of, 102, 202; cf. experiment, experience, observation, sensation, perception, data collection, Lockean IS, chap. 5, passim, practice

empowerment, 200; cf. autonomy, participation, politics, power

end, 45; and religion, 242

enemy, 98, 172, 180-181; 98, knowledge of; deadliest, 172-173, 178; cf. conflict

England, empiricism developed in, 150

entanglement, 167; cf. system, context

entelechies, 39

entity, 45, 93, 99, 104, 108, 106, 125-126, 129; as "it" or "what", 128; teleological, 93; process as entity, 100; entity relationship, 34; cf. object, system, subject, individuation, uniqueness, element, actor

environment, 8, 13, 42-78, 150-151; esp. 51-52, 56, 63; 166-167, 247-248; of science, 200; control of, 167; as informational constraint, 164; as size or limits of system, 56; as higher-level; cf. input, external Weltanschauung, 174; cf. separability, input, context, Swedish "handlingsutrymme", "miljö"

EOQ (economic order quantity), 165

epic, 174, 177, 182, 203; cf. drama

Epictetus, 252

epistemology, 17-18, 103, 155, 171-172

ERP enterprise resource planning; as management fad, 92-93; cf. manufacturing, management information systems MIS

error, 113, 136, 201-202, 242

esoterism, 58, 184, 200; cf. exoteric, accuracy, measurement

essence, 27-28, cf. existence, 76

ether, 238

ethics, 12, 48-49, 63, 70, 73, 163, 197-198, 200, 202, 216, 218, 222, 255; morals 6, 17; personal, 200-201; as function of clients, 200-201; as good intentions; vs. authority-responsibility, 196; as power or cooperation, 200; and power, knowledge and beauty, 73; and theology, 200; ethical judgement, (202); vs. value measurement, 152-153; of imperative, 202; cf. values, good, conviction, goal, purpose, is-ought, greed, God, guarantor, warrant, cooperation, URL: http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/~gem

ethnicity, multi-, (182)

ethnographic method and observation, 119, 121, 125-126, 138-139, 154, 156, 159-160, 166-167, 171, 195; cf. qualitative method, scientific method, observation

evaluation, 136, 263-264; empirical, 110; cf. value, utility, quality

event, 134, 136: cf. message, information, function, action, transaction

evidence, 55, 63, 76, 112, 152, 164, 172; knowledge and probability, 55; credibility or credence, 173; vs. mood, 203; self-evidence, 27, 162; objective, 119; cf. counter-instance; cf. proof, truth, relevance, validity

evil, 72, 76; cf. ethics

evolution, 33, 63-66, 112; positivism as, 63, 66-67; evolutionary adaptive system, 63, 175; as progress, 178; cf. flexibility, adaptive, growth, progress, incrementalism, learning, change, improvement, change, survival-reproduction, coconstruction, reengineering, embryo, adaptive system

examples, pedagogical in the book; cf. bird (and egg, swan), dice, elephant, log, rock, sawmill, toothache, radarscope, swan, sales statistics, color perception, log across the road, sailing and smaller mind, spectacles, checkers-chess, ticktacktoe, magic square, hawk-dove, mother and quarreling sons, stooge, table or desk in measurement, monkey brain, rain today, butterfly and storm, Cuba crisis, scratches on photographical plate, young Lockean investigator, professors and dissenting students

excluded middle, principle, 108

executive, 27, 33, 36-38, 142, 145-146, 148; operating system, 27; executive intelligence system, 97, 112-113, 118, 124, 175; ; executive intelligence I.S.: cf. control, strategy, intelligence, information systems, (operating system)

exhaustive classification or taxonomy, 192

existence, 71, 76, 78; cf. ontology

exoteric, 200, 219-220, 225, 237, 268; cf. esoteric

experience, 26, 100, 119, 129, 135, 144, 148, 170, 250; meaning of, 70; learning by, 131; human, 119; cf. learning, perception, sensation

experiments, 42, 60, 63, 73-75, 85, 87, 113, 134-136, 159, 183-184, 192-194, 198-199, 229, 231, 235; as systems, 60; experimental results and theory, 192; statistical, 183-184; experimental method, 113, 135, 191-194; positivistic, 60; as alienation, 159; Galilei's, 132; thought experiment, 191; experimental design, 113, 182, 183-184; experimentation, 51, 192; cf. replication; cf. chap. (12) 230ff;

expertise, 49-50, 74, 82-83, 87, 99, 101, 111-112, 114, 162-163, 168-169, 176-177, 180, 183, 268-269, 272-273; and information, 101, 114, 118, 162; in inquiry, 87-88, 99; test of, 163; in systems science, 231;defense of, 269; as subsystems separability, 53; and monism, 73-74; and democracy, 176; cf. designer, consulting, specialization, artificial intelligence, expert systems, systems separability, peer review, idiot savant

explanation, 4, 6, 26-27, 35, 37, 41, 46, 80, 83, 85-86, 100, 104, 136-137, 154; unexplainable events, 136; explanatory model, 80; cf. why, because, meaning, implication, interpretation, understanding, interpretation

explicitness, 145, 154-155, 171, 175, 177-178, 186, 194; giving up, 175, 177-178; cf. implicit, tacit knowledge, design, subjectivism

exploration, and innovation; cf. innovation

explosion, of information, 176, 267; cf. expertise

expressing information, 137; cf. gestalt

extension, 77, or denotation, 161; cf. intension

external, 20, 33, 35, 36, 84, 122, 128, 144, 149, 151, 157-159; cf. input, environment

extrapolation, 210

facilitator (neutral observer), 159; as synthesizer, 174; cf. negotiation

fact (nets), 32, 37, 39-40, 79, 86, 88, 111, 127, 141, 143, 160, 164, 197, 225; top-bottom-end (of implication) 32, 39-40, 79, 88; in inducer, 143; in intelligence, 98; in Leibniz, 32; in organic chemistry, 82; ranking of, 34, 37; as likely truth, 32; as information, 160

fact, 32, 86, 90, 150, 160-161, 164; simple, 108; objective, 158; and action, 164; and value, 164; as likely truth, 32; and alienation of self, 161; fact nets, 95, chap. (2) passim; cf. truth, data, past, evidence, information, empiricism

fads, or research or management, 92

faith, (164), 229, 237, 240-243; and science, 240-246; and belief, 24; cf. belief, guarantor, conviction, trust, hope, doubt, religion

falsification, 24, 40, 88, 98, 136, 199, 220; cf. error, truth, conviction, encryption, coding

fantasy, 96; cf. imagination

fascism, and socialism, 68

feasibility, 63; as approvability-probability, 211; cf. implementation

federative or federation, cf. system

feeling, 13, 76, 119, 151, 161, (203), 261-262-264, 270-271; as primacy of the subjective, 151; as commitment, 171; sensation as surrogate of, 264-265; subjective, 114, 155, 158, 161; as mood, 182, 203; of appropriateness in design, 142; cf. mood, intuition (as "right feeling"), love, conviction, experience, sensation, emotion, postmodernism, unconscious, romanticism

Feingenbaum, E. A., 79n, 100

Fermat P. and mathematics, 112

figure, of thought, 158, 169, 171-172; cf. image, vision, myth, symbol, metaphor, aesthetics

file, 101; cf. database, library

filter, of information, 96, 98

fitness, as appropriateness, 262

flexibility, 63-64, 110, 141, as change, 194; as adjustment of measurements, 196; cf. evolution, learning, adjustment, stability, change, adaptive

flow, (28, 155); as process vs. progress, 203-205; cf. fitness, process, creativity, imagination, intuition, inspiration, enthusiasm, progress, learning, romanticism

forecast, 105-106, 110, 131, 133, 150, 153, 165; cf. prediction, regularity, replication, generalization, past, future, history, improvisation, bricolage

foreknowledge, 109; cf. apriori, assumptions, presuppositions, user model

form, 29; logical, 108; cf. formal, experience, feeling, aesthetic, sensation, value, judgement, morphology, structure, experience